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- Category: Articles
Use of the Moeller PLC with a Fibre-Optic Fieldbus within Enercon Wind Power Turbines
Enercon develops and produces gearless wind power turbines that are a benchmark for the market in terms of power, reliability and lifespan. Therefore, research and development at Enercon determines the level of innovation. Enercon has chosen Moeller's XC100-FC modular programmable logic controller (PLC) with a fibre-optic CANopen interface for controlling and monitoring its aviation beacon system. This article describes first the controls needed in the wind turbines and then how the modular PLC from Moeller is integrated into such systems.- Category: Articles
The Wind Power Drive Train Package
Combining a permanent magnet (PM) generator with a power converter in a wind power drive train is simple, but nobody integrates them into a totally optimised package as The Switch does. The development of magnetic materials and power switches has made the combination of a PM generator and a full-power converter a very competitive solution for the next-generation wind power systems.
By Jussi Vanhanen, Marketing Manager, The Switch, Finland
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Combining a permanent magnet (PM) generator with a power converter in a wind power drive train is simple, but nobody integrates them into a totally optimised package as The Switch does. The development of magnetic materials and power switches has made the combination of a PM generator and a full-power converter a very competitive solution for the next-generation wind power systems.By Jussi Vanhanen, Marketing Manager, The Switch, Finland
- Category: Articles
Structural Design of Sandwich Towers for Wind Energy Converters
A new kind of tower construction, called a sandwich tower, has been developed for wind energy converters. The tower consists of two steel shells, which are bonded together with a core material. Unlike a standard steel tower, the plate thickness is split into an inner and outer steel face. The core between the faces increases the stability of the shells. It works together like a sandwich shell. Different composite shell theories have been used to estimate the stability of such double-skin shell constructions. A model-scale test series has been carried out to analyse the influence of different core materials. The test specimens are loaded by uniform axial force to observe the shell buckling. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations including measured geometrical imperfections. Within a numerical pre-design, the use of high-strength steels for the inner and outer faces is also considered to compare the various types of tower configurations. The goal is to find the best combination of steel faces with a core material in the ultimate limit state.
By Peter Schaumann and Christian Keindorf, ForWind, Germany
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A new kind of tower construction, called a sandwich tower, has been developed for wind energy converters. The tower consists of two steel shells, which are bonded together with a core material. Unlike a standard steel tower, the plate thickness is split into an inner and outer steel face. The core between the faces increases the stability of the shells. It works together like a sandwich shell. Different composite shell theories have been used to estimate the stability of such double-skin shell constructions. A model-scale test series has been carried out to analyse the influence of different core materials. The test specimens are loaded by uniform axial force to observe the shell buckling. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations including measured geometrical imperfections. Within a numerical pre-design, the use of high-strength steels for the inner and outer faces is also considered to compare the various types of tower configurations. The goal is to find the best combination of steel faces with a core material in the ultimate limit state.By Peter Schaumann and Christian Keindorf, ForWind, Germany
- Category: Articles
Strength and Fatigue Experiments and Modelling
The wind turbine rotor is an important part of the connection between the moving air (containing the wind energy) and the generator (used to capture this energy). The rotor consists of (usually) three blades, which are almost entirely made of fibre-reinforced plastic. These blades experience a large number of load cycles during their economic life. The magnitude of the load cycles is not at all constant. The rotor materials and structure need to withstand all these loads, great and small. Extensive research is devoted to predicting strength and life for rotor blades. For this research, numerous tests are done, exposing small fibre-reinforced coupons (specimens) to realistic loading conditions. Based on this data, fatigue models can be made predicting blade life. But, of course, ‘the proof of the pudding is in the eating'. Full-scale blade tests are required to see if reality matches expectations.
By Rogier Nijssen, WMC, The Netherlands
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The wind turbine rotor is an important part of the connection between the moving air (containing the wind energy) and the generator (used to capture this energy). The rotor consists of (usually) three blades, which are almost entirely made of fibre-reinforced plastic. These blades experience a large number of load cycles during their economic life. The magnitude of the load cycles is not at all constant. The rotor materials and structure need to withstand all these loads, great and small. Extensive research is devoted to predicting strength and life for rotor blades. For this research, numerous tests are done, exposing small fibre-reinforced coupons (specimens) to realistic loading conditions. Based on this data, fatigue models can be made predicting blade life. But, of course, ‘the proof of the pudding is in the eating'. Full-scale blade tests are required to see if reality matches expectations.By Rogier Nijssen, WMC, The Netherlands
- Category: Articles
Can this Concept Ever Leave the Cradle of Innovation?
Offshore wind turbine technology is being pushed into deeper offshore locations. This is sometimes because of pressure from environmental lobbying or sometimes because of geographical restrictions, such as in the case of Malta, a Mediterranean island with limited space and resources.
Offshore wind turbine technology is being pushed into deeper offshore locations. This is sometimes because of pressure from environmental lobbying or sometimes because of geographical restrictions, such as in the case of Malta, a Mediterranean island with limited space and resources.- Category: Articles
Quantifying the Risk for Offshore Wind Farm Developments
The marine renewables energy sector is an emerging force in energy provision globally and recent announcements by the UK government have created ambitious targets for the domestic market. In the UK it is driven principally by the Energy White Paper (2003) and, more specifically, by the Renewables Obligation, which requires electricity suppliers to source 15% of their supply from renewable sources by 2015, increasing to 20% by 2020. There is more than 1GW of projects with planning consent waiting to be built, and a second round of offshore tenders from The Crown Estate, with a total of 7.2GW, is awaiting application - equivalent to 7% of UK electricity requirement. There are plans for a 2,000 turbine, 10GW wind farm in the North Sea, the largest in European waters, which would supply energy to 8 million homes.
By Kevin Black, Partrac Ltd, UK
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The marine renewables energy sector is an emerging force in energy provision globally and recent announcements by the UK government have created ambitious targets for the domestic market. In the UK it is driven principally by the Energy White Paper (2003) and, more specifically, by the Renewables Obligation, which requires electricity suppliers to source 15% of their supply from renewable sources by 2015, increasing to 20% by 2020. There is more than 1GW of projects with planning consent waiting to be built, and a second round of offshore tenders from The Crown Estate, with a total of 7.2GW, is awaiting application - equivalent to 7% of UK electricity requirement. There are plans for a 2,000 turbine, 10GW wind farm in the North Sea, the largest in European waters, which would supply energy to 8 million homes.By Kevin Black, Partrac Ltd, UK
- Category: Articles
Underground Pumped-Storage Hydropower Station
In today's world it is essential to recover more and more energy from sustainable sources. This, and the need for a reliable supply of electrical energy at all times, creates a demand for systems that match a variable energy production with the energy demand pattern. This article presents such a system.By A.F.M. van Velsen, Royal Haskoning, The Netherlands
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